ChaosBook.org study group 2/06
|
PHYS 8901 PC | Spring semester 2006 | |
| Mon-Wed 4-5:30pm | Howey W505 |
CHAOS, AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT
|
ChaosBook.org study group 2/06
|
PHYS 8901 PC | Spring semester 2006 | |
| Mon-Wed 4-5:30pm | Howey W505 |
PROBLEM SETS: Problems to be worked will be decided at meetings, and then the solutions presented at the following meeting.
SOLUTIONS: included into ChaosBook.org so far (boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Overture
That deterministic dynamics leads to chaos is no surprise to
anyone who has tried pool, billiards or snooker - that is what the game
is about - so we start our
course about what is chaos and what to do about it by a game of pinball.
This might seem a trifle trivial, but a pinball is to chaotic dynamics
what a pendulum is to integrable systems:
thinking clearly about what
is "chaos" in a pinball will help us tackle more difficult problems, such
as computing diffusion constants in deterministic gases, or
computing the Helium spectrum.
We all have an intuitive feeling for what a pinball does as it bounces
between the pinball machine disks, and only high school level
Euclidean geometry is needed to describe the trajectory.
Turning this intuition into calculation will lead us,
in clear physically motivated steps, to almost everything one
needs to know about deterministic chaos:
from unstable dynamical flows, Poincaré sections,
Smale horseshoes, symbolic dynamics, pruning,
discrete symmetries, periodic orbits,
averaging over chaotic sets, evolution operators,
dynamical zeta functions, Fredholm determinants,
cycle expansions, quantum trace formulas and zeta functions,
and to the semiclassical quantization of helium.
Reading:
Chapter 1:
An overview of the main themes of the course.
Recommended reading before you decide to download anything else.
Appendix - A brief history of chaos:
Classical mechanics has not stood still since Newton. The formalism that
we use today was developed by Euler and Lagrange. By the end of the 1800's the
three problems that would lead to the notion of chaotic dynamics were
already known: the three-body problem, the ergodic hypothesis,
and nonlinear oscillators.
e-mail description
Trajectories
We start out by a recapitulation of the basic notions of dynamics.
Our aim is narrow; keep the exposition focused on prerequsites to the
applications to be developed in this text. I assume that you
are familiar with the dynamics on the level of introductory texts
such as Strogatz, and concentrate here on developing
intuition about what a dynamical system can do.
It will be a coarse brush sketch -
the full description of all possible behaviors of dynamical systems is
anyway beyond human ken.
e-mail description
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Local stability
We continue the discussion of local properties of flows and
maps: Henon map,
linear stability, types of
eigenvalues for linear maps, stable/unstable manifolds.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Eager to get to the point, we have fast forward to [the boyscout] chapter Cycle Stability:
Newtonian mechanics
Nature is partial to
flows invariant with respect to the symplectic structure,
that is, flows of Hamiltonian systems. The ability to express
mechanical systems in terms of Hamilton's equations provides us with
a framework to study general properties and symmetries of
this type of flows, and - in particular - study the local stability of
equilibria and periodic orbits.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Billiards
Billiards, Bunimovich-Sinai formula for linear stability in billiards.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Cycle Stability
In this session we finish discussion of the Poincare return map Jacobian and the full flow Jacobian for the Rossler system, and start discussion of stability of periodic orbits.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Transporting densities
So far we learned how to track an individual
trajectory, and its small neighborhood.
While the trajectory of an individual representative point may be
highly convoluted, the density of these points might evolve in
a manner that is relatively smooth.
The evolution of the density of
representative points is for this reason (and other that will
emerge in due course) of great interest.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Dynamical averaging
In chaotic dynamics detailed prediction is impossible, as any
finitely specified initial condition, no matter how precise, will fill
out the entire accessible phase space (similarly finitely grained) in finite
time. Hence for chaotic dynamics one does not attempt to follow individual
trajectories to asymptotic times; what is possible (and sensible) is description
of the geometry of the set of possible outcomes, and evaluation of the
asymptotic time averages. Examples of such averages are transport coefficients
for chaotic dynamical flows, such as the escape rate, mean drift and the
diffusion rate; power spectra; and a host of mathematical constructs such
as the generalized dimensions, Lyapunov exponents and the Kolmogorov entropy.
We shall now set up the formalism for evaluating such averages within the
framework of the periodic orbit theory. The key idea is to replace the
expectation values of observables by the expectation values of generating
functionals. This associates an evolution operator with a given observable,
and leads to formulas for its dynamical averages.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Dynamics, qualitative I
We start learning how to count: qualitative dynamics of simple
stretching and mixing flows is used to introduce symbolic dynamics.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Dynamics, qualitative II
We continue learning how to count: qualitative dynamics of Smale
horseshoes is used to introduce pruning, finite subshifts, Markov Graphs
and transition matrices.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
ChaosBook excerpts: Unstable manifolds
(unstable version, might update soon)
Exercises
Symmetries and dynamics
Dynamics often comes equipped with discrete symmetries,
such as reflection and discrete rotation symmetries.
Symmetries simplify and improve the cycle expansions
in a rather beautiful way.
Sect.
11.6 Symmetries, tilings
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Sects.
22.1.1, 22.2, 22.3
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Sect.
3.8 Periodic lattices
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
discuss 13.2, 3, and 4. With our current phase on the periodic orbit of presenters, we will have 13.2 Greco, 13.3 Grigo, 13.4 Halcrow.
CountingBy now we have covered for the first time the whole distance from diagnosing chaotic dynamcs to computing zeta functions. Historically, These topological zeta functions were the inspiration for injecting statistical mechanics into computation of dynamical averages; Ruelle's zeta functions are a weighted generalization of the counting zeta functions.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
The reading assignments: Domenico sec. 13.5.1,13.5.4 (counting cycles), Robert sec. 13.6 (topological zeta function for infinite partitions).
The strategy is this: Global averages such as escape rates can be extracted from the eigenvalues of evolution operators. The eigenvalues are given by the zeros of appropriate determinants. One way to evaluate determinants is to expand them in terms of traces, log det = tr log. The traces are evaluated as integrals over Dirac delta functions, and in this way the spectra of evolution operators become related to periodic orbits.
The rest of the course is making sense out of this objects and learning how to apply them to evaluation of physically measurable properties of chaotic dynamical systems.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
The reading assignments: Vaggelis sec. 14.1 (trace of an evolution operator), Ed (for John W.) sec. 14.2 (trace formula for maps), Ed sec. 14.2.1, 14.3 (a trace formula for transfer operators, a trace formula for flows), Alex sec. 14.4 (an asymptotic trace formula), Jonathan sec. 15.1 (spectral determinants for maps), Domenico sec. 15.2 (spectral determinants for flows).
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
The reading assignments: Robert sec. 15.3 (dynamical zeta functions), Vaggelis sec. 15.3.2, 15.4 (zeta function for transfer operators, false zeros), John sec. 15.5 (spectral determinants vs. dynamical zeta functions).
Sec. 15.3.1 is on intermittency, we skipped it. Vaggelis sec. 15.3.2, 15.4 (zeta function for transfer operators, false zeros), John sec. 15.5 (spectral determinants vs. dynamical zeta functions), Ed sec. 15.6, 15.7 ("all too many eigenvalues?", equilibrium points)
Eager to get to the point, we have fast forward to [the boyscout] chapter on cycle expansions:
Why does it work? I
The heuristic manipulations that led to the trace formulas and
spectral determinants are potentially dangerous, as we are dealing with
infinite-dimensional vector spaces and singular integral kernels. Intuitively,
the theory should converge because long cycles are shadowed by nearby pseudo-cycles.
For clasess of not althogether too idealized smooth flows very strong results exists. We explain the ideas behind proofs of Ruelle and Rugh which establish that for nice real analytic expanding or hyperbolic flows the spectral (Fredholm) determinants are entire, and that in this context the edifice constructed in this course has a firm mathematical foundations.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
Cycle expansions
So far we have derived a plethora of periodic
orbit trace formulas, spectral determinants and zeta functions. Now we
learn how to expanded these as cycle expansions, series ordered by increasing
topological cycle length, and evaluate average quantites like escape rates.
These formulas are exact, and, when the winds are kind, highly convergent.
The pleasant surprise is that the terms in such expansions fall off exponentially
or even faster, so that a handful of shortest orbits suffices for rather
accurate estimates of asymptotic averages.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
The schedule: Alex sec. 18.1, 18.1.1; Jonathan sec. 18.1.2, 18.1.3; Domenico sec. 18.2, 18.2.1; Robert sec 18.2.3, 18.2.4. That's all we have to do for chapter 18.
From deterministic chaos to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics
Back to the meat of the subject;
can one derive statistical mechanics from deterministic chaos? We apply
the periodic orbit theory to evaluation of measurable properties of a very
simple model of ideal gas, periodic Lorentz gas, and derive closed-form
formulas for the diffusion constant.
Can one one go beyond equilibrium statistical mechanics and derive properties of systems far from equilibrium by the methods discussed in this course? This is currently a very lively research area, and we explain how the periodic orbit theory yields transport properties in models of dissipative driven systems, such as Guassian thermostatted Lorentz gas.
(boyscout version 12, Jan 12 2006)
Exercises
The schedule: Robert: sec. 23.1; Vaggelis: sec. 23.1.1; Jonathan : sec. 23.2; Alex: sec. 23.2.1. After that we should be able to calculate the diffusion coefficient for a chain of piecewise linear maps, the simplest case of 1d scattering.
Lat meeting Monday May 1, at 3pm: section 23.2.3 on diffusion for finite Markov partitions.
Abandon all hope ye who read beyond here, since the rest has yet to be worked out.
2006
April May
Mo Tu We Mo Tu We Th
1 2 3 4
17 18 19
24 25 26
Friday Apr 29: classes end
grades deadline Mon May 9
Predrag.Cvitanovic at physics.gatech.edu
svn: $Author: predrag $ - $Date: 2006-06-26 10:17:00 -0400 (Mon, 26 Jun 2006) $